History of political science of india.: 2009

Sunday, December 20, 2009

Love Me

Love me in the Springtime, when all is green and new,
Love me in the Summer, when the sky is oh so blue,
Love me in the Autumn, when the leaves are turning brown,
Love me in the Winter, when the snow is falling down.

Love me when I'm happy, and even when I'm sad,
Love me when I'm good, or when I'm oh so bad,
Love me when I'm pretty, or if my face is plain,
Love me when I'm feeling good, or when I'm feeling pain.

Love me always darlin', in the rain or shining sun,
Love me always darlin', after all is said and done,
Love me always darlin', until all our life is through,
Love me always darlin', for I'll be lovin' you!

Love

Love is like a lump of gold,
Hard to get, and hard to hold.
Of all the girls I've ever met,
You're the one I can't forget.
I do believe that God above,
Created you for me to love.
He chose you from all the rest,
Because he knew I would love you best.

My Love

My love is like an ocean
It goes down so deep
My love is like a rose
Whose beauty you want to keep.

My love is like a river
That will never end
My love is like a dove
With a beautiful message to send.

My love is like a song
That goes on and on forever
My love is like a prisoner
It's to you that I surrender.

A White Rose

The red rose whispers of passion,
And the white rose breathes of love;
O, the red rose is a falcon,
And the white rose is a dove.
But I send you a cream-white rosebud
With a flush on its petal tips;
For the love that is purest and sweetest
Has a kiss of desire on the lips.

I Will Love You Forever

I love you so deeply,
I love you so much,
I love the sound of your voice
And the way that we touch.
I love your warm smile
And your kind, thoughtful way,
The joy that you bring
To my life every day.
I love you today
As I have from the start,
And I'll love you forever
With all of my heart.

Love Is ...

Love is the greatest feeling,
Love is like a play,
Love is what I feel for you,
Each and every day,
Love is like a smile,
Love is like a song,
Love is a great emotion,
That keeps us going strong,
I love you with my heart,
My body and my soul,
I love the way I keep loving,
Like a love I can't control,
So remember when your eyes meet mine,
I love you with all my heart,
And I have poured my entire soul into you,
Right from the very start.

Your Name

I wrote your name in the sky,
but the wind blew it away.
I wrote your name in the sand,
but the waves washed it away.
I wrote your name in my heart,
and forever it will stay.

Never Have I Fallen

Your lips speak soft sweetness
Your touch a cool caress
I am lost in your magic
My heart beats within your chest

I think of you each morning
And dream of you each night
I think of your arms being around me
And cannot express my delight

Never have I fallen
But I am quickly on my way
You hold a heart in your hands
That has never before been given away

for love

You're my man, my mighty king,
And I'm the jewel in your crown,
You're the sun so hot and bright,
I'm your light-rays shining down,

You're the sky so vast and blue,
And I'm the white clouds in your chest,
I'm a river clean and pure,
Who in your ocean finds her rest,

You're the mountain huge and high,
I'm the valley green and wide,
You're the body firm and strong,
And I'm a rib bone on your side,

You're an eagle flying high,
I'm your feathers light and brown,
You're my man, my king of kings,
And I'm the jewel in your crown.

What I Love About You

I love the way you look at me,
Your eyes so bright and blue.
I love the way you kiss me,
Your lips so soft and smooth.

I love the way you make me so happy,
And the ways you show you care.
I love the way you say, "I Love You,"
And the way you're always there.

I love the way you touch me,
Always sending chills down my spine.
I love that you are with me,
And glad that you are mine.

An Entrapment

My love, I have tried with all my being
to grasp a form comparable to thine own,
but nothing seems worthy;

I know now why Shakespeare could not
compare his love to a summer’s day.
It would be a crime to denounce the beauty
of such a creature as thee,
to simply cast away the precision
God had placed in forging you.

Each facet of your being
whether it physical or spiritual
is an ensnarement
from which there is no release.
But I do not wish release.
I wish to stay entrapped forever.
With you for all eternity.
Our hearts, always as one.

A Special World

A special world for you and me
A special bond one cannot see
It wraps us up in its cocoon
And holds us fiercely in its womb.

Its fingers spread like fine spun gold
Gently nestling us to the fold
Like silken thread it holds us fast
Bonds like this are meant to last.

And though at times a thread may break
A new one forms in its wake
To bind us closer and keep us strong
In a special world, where we belong.

love

Love is not always all happiness. As it is said,"Love begins with a smile, grows with a kiss, and ends with a teardrop", love brings with it sadness and heartbreaks as well! This poem is beautiful in its own way. The author describes the pains and sufferings of love in a way that touches the heart. As the lovers part their ways, they recollect those old times spent togetherand spend sleepless nights thinking about each other. Though they are parting with each other, they know deep within themselves that their love is going to stay forever!

Friday, December 18, 2009

Following are the few reasons why people oppose the creation of small states.

• Creation of small state will divide India
• Creation of small state will take the India to pre British era
• Danger from China, china wants to divide India.
• Small states in India are not making progress , Chattisgarh and Jharkhand
• Small states Depend on Central Government
• What is the guarantee that small states will make the progress?
• Politicians want to become the chief Minister or for the political power.
• Hatred Among state will increase
• Election vote should be counted who is defeated

Like these I am sure there are many more reasons to oppose creation of small states.
But I still I say and insist that Creation of small state is good for India.
Let’s understand and know why small states are good for India?

Before Arrival of British people in India, there was no India.There were small kingdoms and big kingdoms.
Today when we say India, there is feeling, My India, in olden times there was no such feeling, all those feelings were for there king or god. I will fight for my king, my God.
Today our army when fights it fights for the India, not for Prime Minister of India.
If Prime Minister of India will try to sell the India I am sure our army will not hesitate to arrest the Prime Minister or any other leader.
Today nothing is superior than India , Olden times everything was king, if he wanted to donate his kingdom to someone without asking anyone he donated that, and foolish population of that state accepted that willingly as their all feelings were for there king.
If you read the history carefully you will understand, and find that xyz warrior died for his king, today when any army man dies he dies for his mother land, for our India.
After the arrival of British People in India, they started the real formation of India,
Under there influence and rule, we got the feeling of oneness among us, one India.
In olden times, before the arrival of British, for the people of small states for whom there king, there caste and religion was more important, everyone always obeyed the family of king.
Remember the battle of Plessey, Robert Clive with the help of just 300 white soldiers won the battle by giving bribe. And he won the battle by defeating more than 50000 Indian soldiers. They surrendered because there army head said that I surrender, today if in India one head says that he will surrender to small enemy , drop your weapons ,do you think Indian forces will drop the guns or they will arrest that head and will fight for the nation.
In that times when outsiders came fought with the small states, that time neighboring states did not help that state, when Arab people looted the small kingdoms and become the rulers of that state. Other kings kept enjoying there life and kingdom, they did not thought about the safety of neighbor state.
Today if Pakistan attacks on Kargil, we hear the voice from every corner of India that destroy enemy.After 26/11 we heard voices from every corner of India to Punish Kasab,this never happend in old asian small kingdoms.
So now I think you got the point that today when we create the small state, the feeling of one India, oneness will not go. Creating small states will not take us back to the pre British era, as before the arrival of India there was no India.
Mere creation of small state will not destroy the feeling of one ness , the feeling of Indian on the contrary it will increase this feeling and love towards India and will reduce the feeling of love towards there language or state. For small states love for India will grow.
And also small state will be created from the big state so there will be 2 states or more states which will speak same language. In this way we will solve the problem of language also.
On the contrary in the future when states will become rich, there are chances these big states will make there police force very strong and will demand the independence from India.
When we divided India on basis of language we made mistake, and today you may not agree with me, but when States will make progress and will make money and other states will not make money, these states will demand the independence and because of finance and big nature of state, they will do this very easily by purchasing arms from china.
So remember big states will divide the India in future not the small states. A small state is the only one solution which can keep us integrated as India.
As India is divided on the basis of language, the power of states are increasing as they are becoming and because of big nature of state , and under one big roof all one speaking people are staying , the hatred is rising as few states are making progress and others come to this state, this gives rise to hatred. This is not gift of small state. And we do not see language problem in small states, if media will stop giving importance to this problem automatically this language problem will go to dustbin, anyways after 25 or 30 years I am sure they will not find language problem takers... Today power of knowledge is with Indian youth and no one can make them fool for a long time.

Few Facts about our Indian states –
1. Uttar Pradesh with population of more than 167 million is bigger than Germany + France or Russia ,Pakistan
2. China, America, Brazil and Indonesia are the only few nations who are bigger than Uttar Pradesh.
3. TamilNadu (62.2 million) is bigger than Britain and Italy,
4. Andhra Pradesh (76.4 million) is little bigger than Germany and Vietnam
5. Bihar is bigger than Mexico
6. Maharashtra with 92.1 million is bigger state than Germany. Maharashtra has ten million more than Germany.
7. Bengal is bigger than the Philippines

If the big states means progress then why India has not made progress like America, Germany, France or Hong Kong or England.
America, Hong Kong both were ruled by England just like India.
Do small states suffer? Not if one views Punjab , Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

This shows that there is no guarantee that big state will make progress or small state will make progress.

Remember it does not matter state is small or state is big, most important thing is who is our law maker and how honest he is with his job and nation.
If law maker, politician is not good then small or big it does not matter, he will do the corruption and he will take the wrong decisions.
When law maker, politician is corrupt no one can save the nation.
But when law maker is good he can take the small state to such heights that the small nation can rule the world.
Once England ruled the world and today we can see the progress made by the USA or Hong Kong or Taiwan.

Our democracy works like this - one head of the state, then other elected members, run the state with the help of IAS officers and bureaucrats.
When the state is big, those officers and elected politicians, law makers are not able to watch carefully every project and how the money is utilized by everyone in every project.
Today budget of Government is becoming so big that common people find it difficult to understand, and even studied accountants find it very difficult to understand and find out the mistakes.
If common man does not understand how the fraud and cheating is made by the politician or law maker then how he will fight with them. When states are big, it becomes very easy for the law maker and politician to make frauds.
When state is small, if any government employee or law maker or politician will do the fraud, immediately it will show the effect on the other projects as it will become very difficult for that chief minister to bring new funds or hide his black deeds.
Just take the example of classroom of 100 students and classroom of 25 students, so in this case which classroom will be easy to manage and give the results.
Today as our states are big, many times villagers from remote places even find it difficult to reach the place of district court, forget about the High court of state.
When small state will be created it will give easy access to high court.
Small state means small government, small budget, and small departments, very less chance to show fingers on each other by saying that, that department is not doing the work so file is pending.
Small states will create competition among each other; this competition will be with the same mother tongue speaking language population.
Because of big nature of states today indirectly the law maker, politician has become the king of that particular area.
Because of this honest people will rarely get chance to rule the state or to get elected.
Small states will not give chance to politician or law maker to hide his failure or fool the people by saying that this time we have given funds to west or north, as small state means the population will know in real what is happening in every part of his state.
Big states does not benefit towards saving money ,but the nature of big states help to waste the money as well as it gives unlimited scope to do corruption which benefits to the law maker or politician.
In small state if any politician will amass wealth, the people of that state can easily notice that and will know how he is earning and making the money, this will help to expose the wrong contracts and his hidden property.
Even Indian constitution has article 3 which favors and talks about the creation of new state. It states that -
. Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit.
If party who support the creation of small state does not win the election this does not mean that the people of that district do not want separate state. The election is held to choose leader ,MP or MLA and they do not vote for the creation of state. Even if when there is not 100% voting how can it become the will of that district ?
Our constitution of India does not have this provision, to get the peoples vote to decide regarding the creation of small state . The ball is ,power is with the parliament.

Again I will come to the point that Small states will divide India, one of the best parts of our Constitution is that the duties between state and central government are divided.
Central government is in charge of our army, naval and air force.
The heads of these forces do not report to the chief minister, further more brilliant clause, is that our forces do not have common one head of all the forces.
This means we got 3 heads, Army head, Naval Head and Air Force Head, and all these 3 heads report to the Prime Minister and President. We do not have one head of all these 3 forces, if there is one head then he will become so powerful that he can with the help of few states can form the new nation, but as we do not have one head, army forces will not obey the head of the naval force, each one has there own ranking.
So when you say that small states will divide India, think again now?
When there is no money, no big budget, no big police force, and no big coastal guards how can small state will become Independent and will think about waging war against India.
USA is smaller than India but they got more than fifty states.
Remember big states are good for political parties and corrupt leaders or uneducated leaders.
Big states are good for the government servants.
Our complete Indian working system has become rotten and dirty and these corrupt people have become so rich and powerful that honest common man will not be able to fight with them and win
We will need another civil war to repair this corrupt system or to repair this corrupt Indian system we need creation of small states which will help us to break this nexus, friendship of government servants and businessmen and politicians and political parties.
Today in India we got different political parties, but do we see any difference between there political vision.
Every party has only one vision, win the election, get the chair and make money.
Regarding our political situation in India I am not dreamer, No politician will make changes in this system, a system which makes them as well as there future generations the king of India.
To change this we need civil war in India or reforms like creation of small states which will give chance to common Indian know and understand how the chief minister and his office is working. Small state will give chance to participate in the administration of government, we can monitor them.
With small states there are unlimited benefits and with big states benefits are less and finally everything depends on Good law maker.
When small state will get corrupt law maker or politician we can have satisfaction that the corruption amount is not big which will be also in millions.

Let’s hope that in future States Reorganization Commission (SRC) will not give more importance to language when dividing or creating new states. States should be created only after consultation with scientists, engineers and taking consideration of geographic area and advantages.

India – Creation Of Small States – Need of the Hour For INDIA

India – Creation Of Small States – Need of the Hour For INDIA
Small states means Better Administration – Better Government – Participation of common man in the administration
Creation of small state is one of the answers to Reduce corruption or At least corruption amount.

Political Violence and the Police in India

increasing political voience India is challenging the governments ability to resolve conflicts democratically. Combining scholarship with professional experience as a police officer for more than three decades, author K.S. Subramanian sketches the growing crisis of governance in two ways: by assessing the Central Government s police organizations and through case studies of regions and communities bearing the brunt ofpolitical violence. The author is thus able to take the reader behind the scenes whether it is on police partisanship in communal riots in Gujarat, the Home Ministry s approach to the Naxalite problem, the violence against Dalits, or the violation of human rightsin India s North-East. His is a plea for reconciling the modernizing impulses of civil society and the democratic urges of political society. Key Features Identifies patterns and trends inpolitical violence in India Examines how the Government s political machinery has responded Explains why State response has been inadequate Makes concrete recommendations for a change in structures and attitudes

India: History in the making in the midst of turmoil

As always the challenges are extraordinary and all these difficulties are borne by the animals. We speak for them only!

It's been a year of hardship and achievement. Here are some of the highlights:

--Animal birth control (ABC) for dogs and protection for cats steadily increasing to outlying areas, cattle protection, sea turtle protection, wildlife rescues and shelter activities.
--Improving our education programmes with the breakthrough in conducting awareness / education to over 3000 police cadets members and also school children.
--Teams for protecting street cats and parrots from poachers setup on a permanent basis.
--Huge disaster relief effort for the worst flood in Andhra Pradesh in 100 years for animals and for people too (school children received sweaters).
--New cat shelter and new horse sheds built
--Successful but laborious and exhausting treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease afflicting our shelter animals.
--"Vegan Meals To The Poorest of The Poor" program to feed people a meal a day. This is to supplement the diet of the street people who also routinely share their food with the street animals, mostly dogs. These people who are already living on the roads with no shelter or possessions. The least we can do is try and feed them as well.

Tuesday, December 15, 2009

history of delhi pulice

THE KOTWALS
Delhi has a long history of policing through the famed institution of the Kotwal. Malikul Umara Faqruddin is said to be the first Kotwal of Delhi. He became the Kotwal at the age of 40 in 1237 A.D. and was also simultaneously appointed as the Naibe-Ghibat (Regent in absence). Because of his integrity and sagacity he had a very long tenure, holding the post through the reigions of three Sultans Balban, Kaikobad and Kaikhusrau. On one occasion when some Turkish nobles had approached him to secure the withdrawal of Balban's order. confiscating their estates, the Kotwal is recorded to have said, "My words will carry no weight if I accept any bribe from you. It is presumed that the Kotwal, or Police Head quarters was then located at Qila Rai Pithora or today's Mehrauli.

Another Kotwal mentioned in history books is Malik Alaul Mulk, who was appointed by Sultan Allauddin Khilji in 1297 AD. Sultan Alauddin Khilji once said of him, "He deserves the Wizarat (Prime Ministership) but I have appointed him only the Kotwal of Delhi on account of' his incapacitating corpulence."

When Emperor Shahjahan shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi, in 1648, he appointed Ghaznafar Khan as the first Kotwal of the new city, bestowing on him also the very important office of Mir-i-Atish (Chief of Artillery).

The institution of Kotwal came to an end with the crushing of the revolt of 1857, the first war of freedom by the British and, interestingly, the last Kotwal of Delhi, appointed just before the eruption of the first war of freedom, was Gangadhar Nehru, father of Pandit Motilal Nehru and grand father of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister .

Sunday, December 13, 2009

Political science

Political science is a social science concerned with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. It is often described as the pragmatic application of the art and science of politics defined as "who gets what, when and how", leaving out of the picture most of the "why". Political science has several subfields, including:political theory , public policy , national politics,international relations, and comparative politics
Political science is methodologically diverse, to the discipline include classical political philosophy , positivism, interpretivism, structualism and behavioralism , realism, pluralism, and institutionalism. Political science, as one of the soccial sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, surey research, statisticall analysis , case studies and model building

Saturday, November 7, 2009

Political Parties

India's party system is in the throes of historic change. The 1989 general elections brought the era of Congress dominance to an end. Even though the Congress (I) regained power in 1991, it was no longer the pivot around which the party system revolved. Instead, it represented just one strategy for organizing a political majority, and a declining one at that. While the Congress (I) was encountering growing difficulties in maintaining its coalition of upper-caste elites, Muslims, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes, the BJP was endeavoring to organize a new majority around the appeal of Hindu nationalism. The Janata Dal and the BSP, among others, were attempting to fashion a new majority out of the increasingly assertive Backward Classes, Dalits, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and religious minorities.

Wednesday, November 4, 2009

Public Interest Litigation

Though the Constitution of India guarantees equal rights to all citizens, irrespective of race, gender, religion, and other considerations, and the "directive principles of state policy" as stated in the Constitution obligate the Government to provide to all citizens a minimum standard of living, the promise has not been fulfilled. The greater majority of the Indian people have no assurance of two nutritious meals a day, safety of employment, safe and clean housing, or such level of education as would make it possible for them to understand their constitutional rights and obligations. Indian newspapers abound in stories of the exploitation -- by landlords,factory owners, businessmen, and the state's own functionaries, such as police and revenue officials -- of children, women, villagers, the poor, and the working class.

Though India's higher courts and, in particular, the Supreme Court have often been sensitive to the grim social realities, and have on occasion given relief to the oppressed, the poor do not have the capacity to represent themselves, or to take advantage of progressive legislation. In 1982, the Supreme Court conceded that unusual measures were warranted to enable people the full realization of not merely their civil and political rights, but the enjoyment of economic, social, and cultural rights, and in its far- reaching decision in the case of PUDR [People's Union for Democratic Rights] vs. Union of India [1982 (2) S.C.C. 253], it recognized that a third party could directly petition, whether through a letter or other means, the Court and seek its intervention in a matter where another party's fundamental rights were being violated. In this case, adverting to the Constitutional prohibition on "begar", or forced labor and traffic in human beings, PUDR submitted that workers contracted to build the large sports complex at the Asian Game Village in Delhi were being exploited. PUDR asked the Court to recognize that "begar" was far more than compelling someone to work against his or her will, and that work under exploitative and grotesquely humiliating conditions, or work that was not even compensated by prescribed minimum wages, was violative of fundamental rights. As the Supreme Court noted,

The rule of law does not mean that the protection of the aw must be available only to a fortunate few or that the law should be allowed to be prostituted by the vested interests for protecting and upholding the status quo under the guise of enforcement of their civil and political rights. The poor too have civil and political rights and rule of law is meant for them also, though today it exists only on paper and not in reality. If the sugar barons and the alcohol kings have the fundamental right to carry on their business and to fatten their purses by exploiting the consuming public, have the chamars belonging to the lowest strata of society no fundamental right to earn an honest living through their sweat and toil?

Thus the court was willing to acknowledge that it had a mandate to advance the rights of the disadvantaged and poor, though this might be at the behest of individuals or groups who themselves claimed no disability. Such litigation, termed Public Interest Litigation or Social Action Litigation by its foremost advocate, Professor Upendra Baxi, has given the court "epistolary jurisdiction".

Indian Government, Politics in India, Indian constitution

INDIAN POLITICS ENTERED a new era at the beginning of the 1990s. The period of political domination by the Congress (I) branch of the Indian National Congress came to an end with the party's defeat in the 1989 general elections, and India began a period of intense multiparty political competition. Even though the Congress (I) regained power as a minority government in 1991, its grasp on power was precarious. The Nehruvian socialist ideology that the party had used to fashion India's political agenda had lost much of its popular appeal. The Congress (I) political leadership had lost the mantle of moral integrity inherited from the Indian National Congress's role in the independence movement, and it was widely viewed as corrupt. Support among key social bases of the Congress (I) political coalition was seriously eroding. The main alternative to the Congress (I), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP--Indian People's Party), embarked on a campaign to reorganize the Indian electorate in an effort to create a Hindu nationalist majority coalition. Simultaneously, such parties as the Janata Dal (People's Party), the Samajwadi Party (Socialist Party), and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP--Party of Society's Majority) attempted to ascend to power on the crest of an alliance of interests uniting Dalits (see Glossary), Backward Classes, Scheduled Tribes (see Glossary), and religious minorities.

The structure of India's federal--or union--system not only creates a strong central government but also has facilitated the concentration of power in the central government in general and in particular in the Office of the Prime Minister. This centralization of power has been a source of considerable controversy and political tension. It is likely to further exacerbate political conflict because of the increasing pluralism of the country's party system and the growing diversity of interest-group representation.

Once viewed as a source of solutions for the country's economic and social problems, the Indian polity is increasingly seen by political observers as the problem. When populist political appeals stir the passions of the masses, government institutions appear less capable than ever before of accommodating conflicts in a society mobilized along competing ethnic and religious lines. In addition, law and order have become increasingly tenuous because of the growing inability of the police to curb criminal activities and quell communal disturbances. Indeed, many observers bemoan the "criminalization" of Indian politics at a time when politicians routinely hire "muscle power" to improve their electoral prospects, and criminals themselves successfully run for public office. These circumstances have led some observers to conclude that India has entered into a growing crisis of governability.

Few analysts would deny the gravity of India's problems, but some contend they have occurred amidst the maturation of civil society and the emergence of new, more democratic political practices. Backward Classes, the Dalits, and tribal peoples increasingly have refused to rest content with the patronage and populism characteristic of the "Congress system." Mobilization of these groups has provided a viable base for the political opposition and unraveled the fabric of the Congress. Since the late 1970s, there has been a proliferation of nongovernmental organizations. These groups made new demands on the political system that required a substantial redistribution of political power, economic resources, and social status.

Whether or not developments in Indian politics exacerbate the continuing problems or give birth to greater democracy broadly hinges on efforts to resolve three key issues. How will India's political system, now more than ever based on egalitarian democratic values, accommodate the changes taking place in its hierarchical social system? How will the state balance the need to recognize the interests of the country's remarkably heterogeneous society with the imperatives of national unity? And, in the face of the declining legitimacy of the Indian state and the continuing development of civil society, can the Indian state regenerate its legitimacy, and if it is to do so, how should it redefine the boundaries between state and society? India has confronted these issues throughout much of its history. These issues, with their intrinsic tensions, will continue to serve as sources of change in the continuing evolution of the Indian polity.

The Indian constitution & The Constitutional Framework

The constitution of India draws extensively from Western legal traditions in its outline of the principles of liberal democracy. It is distinguished from many Western constitutions, however, in its elaboration of principles reflecting the aspirations to end the inequities of traditional social relations and enhance the social welfare of the population. According to constitutional scholar Granville Austin, probably no other nation's constitution "has provided so much impetus toward changing and rebuilding society for the common good." Since its enactment, the constitution has fostered a steady concentration of power in the central government--especially the Office of the Prime Minister. This centralization has occurred in the face of the increasing assertiveness of an array of ethnic and caste groups across Indian society. Increasingly, the government has responded to the resulting tensions by resorting to the formidable array of authoritarian powers provided by the constitution. Together with the public's perception of pervasive corruption among India's politicians, the state's centralization of authority and increasing resort to coercive power have eroded its legitimacy. However, a new assertiveness shown by the Supreme Court and the Election Commission suggests that the remaining checks and balances among the country's political institutions continue to support the resilience of Indian democracy.

Adopted after some two and one-half years of deliberation by the Constituent Assembly that also acted as India's first legislature, the Indian constitution was put into effect on January 26, 1950. Bhimrao Ramji (B.R.) Ambedkar, a Dalit who earned a law degree from Columbia University, chaired the drafting committee of the constitution and shepherded it through Constituent Assembly debates. Supporters of independent India's founding father, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, backed measures that would form a decentralized polity with strong local administration--known as panchayat --in a system known as panchayati raj , that is rule by panchayats . However, the support of more modernist leaders, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, ultimately led to a parliamentary government and a federal system with a strong central government . Following a British parliamentary pattern, the constitution embodies the Fundamental Rights, which are similar to the United States Bill of Rights, and a Supreme Court similar to that of the United States. It creates a "sovereign democratic republic" called India, or Bharat (after the legendary king of the Mahabharata ), which "shall be a Union of States." India is a federal system in which residual powers of legislation remain with the central government, similar to that in Canada. The constitution of India provides detailed lists dividing up powers between central and state governments as in Australia, and it elaborates a set of Directive Principles of State Policy as does the Irish constitution.

The 395 articles and ten appendixes, known as schedules, in the constitution make it one of the longest and most detailed in the world. Schedules can be added to the constitution by amendment. The ten schedules in force cover the designations of the states and union territories; the emoluments for high-level officials; forms of oaths; allocation of the number of seats in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States--the upper house of Parliament) per state or territory; provisions for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas (see Glossary) and Scheduled Tribes; provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam; the union (meaning central government), state, and concurrent (dual) lists of responsibilities; the official languages; land and tenure reforms; and the association of Sikkim with India.

The Indian constitution is also one of the most frequently amended constitutions in the world. The first amendment came only a year after the adoption of the constitution and instituted numerous minor changes. Many more amendments followed, and through June 1995 the constitution had been amended seventy-seven times, a rate of almost two amendments per year since 1950. Most of the constitution can be amended after a quorum of more than half of the members of each house in Parliament passes an amendment with a two-thirds majority vote. Articles pertaining to the distribution of legislative authority between the central and state governments must also be approved by 50 percent of the state legislatures.

ABSTRACT

The history of political science serves as a context within which we make sense of the nature and role of our discipline. Narratives about the past development of British and American political science help to frame debates, choices, and identities within the contemporary discipline in Britain. What do recent studies on the history of political science tell us about the character of political science in Britain and America? What do they suggest about the relation of the British study of politics to British identities more generally? Our review of recent work concentrates on three issues: (1) how historical studies of political science relate to approaches and identities within the contemporary discipline; (2) how they relate to the past, i.e. whether their historical vision is marred by presentism; (3) whether they look beyond the boundaries of the discipline.

Saturday, October 31, 2009

India is the most populous democracy in the world.For most of the years since independence,

the federal government has been led by the indian an national congress (INC) Politics in the states have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the bhaitaya janta party (BJP), the commonist party of india (marxist) (CPI(M)) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the janta party won the election owing to public discontent with the state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister indra gandi. In 1989, a janata dal -led national front coalition in alliance with the left front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister p v narsimha rao and was able to complete its five-year term.^{the years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the united front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the national democratic alliance (NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term. In the 2004 indian elections , the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the united progressive alliance (UPA), supported by various Left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP. The UPA again came into power in the 2009 general election ; however, the representation of the Left leaning parties within the coalition has significantly reduced.manmohan singh became the first prime minister since jawarlal nehru in1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term,}

'The Chinese have spread darkness everywhere.

On the 20th October 1962 when the Chinese army invaded India, the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was shocked. Nehru believed in friendship with China and had signed the Panchsheel treaty of peaceful coexistence with China in 1954. The popular slogan then was 'Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai.' Nehru saw it as a great betrayal. India was totally unprepared to face its mighty neighbour. Critics described his China policy as the biggest blunder of his career. During the war his task was to keep the moral of his people and to see off the unexpected military threat.
In those days of Nehru's personal and national crisis, Chaman Lal Chaman, a young Indian journalist from the Kenyan Broadcasting Corporation arrived in Delhi to report the war for the NRIs living in Kenya and other East African Countries. He managed a rare scoop, a one-to-one interview with Nehru, something unheard in those days.

When Netaji asked students to serve India

In this rare and inspiring speech Netaji Subhash Bose asks Indian students to emulate the example of youth in Russia, France and Italy to take part in freedom struggle and serve their country. The speech seems to be of the early 1940s when he was still a member of the Congress party. In the 1941, disappointed with Gandhi's non-violent struggle, he left India to launch a military struggle for the freedom of India with the help of Nazi Germany and Japan, a move disapproved by Gandhi and Nehru.

Wednesday, October 28, 2009